Moreover, the wings of insects are similar to the wings of vertebrates, but not homologous. These plates reinforce the base of the wing, make them bend along outside lines and transfer of motion to the ends of the veins.įlight of bees is very different from flight of birds, bee wings do not have muscles. Significant role in the articulation of the wings plays a series of plates, some axillary and intermediate. Swinging of wings is provided by the fact that the ends of the veins do not reach the edge of the wing. ![]() Outside of the colun is the long arm, from the place of attachment of the segment to the membrane to the column – the short arm. The column – piece of pleurite – plays the role of the support point for the wing. Place of the attachment to the membrane is movable. In addition, the joint provides the folding. The junction of the wing to the body is a complex mechanism, which provides quick sweep of the wing and some turns during the sweep. For example, the northern bees have fewer hooks than the south. There are also breed differences in the number of hooks. There is an increase in the total number of hooks (27-36), the number of abnormal hooks on the wing ranges from 1 to 16. In contrast to worker bees, drones can have anomaly – a lot of hooks. Worker bee has on the rear wing from 15 to 27 hooks, the queen – from 13 to 23, a drone – from 13 to 29. This ensures a strong bond of the rear and the front pair. ![]() During the movement the front wing with a crease, located on the rear edge, slides on the rear wing and hooks cling to it. The rear wing is provided at the forefront with a number of hooks, directed upwards. Therefore, we can assume that the specific venation of a rear wing is a morphological sign in the determination of belonging to a particular group or line of the same breed of bees. The specifics of the rear wing venation reflects the individual characteristics of each queen, and hence the families of bees. In addition, the drones have additional rear wing venation. The rear wing has a similar structure, but it is much smaller than the front. The veins form on the wing closed cells, which, as well as the veins have names: radial, cubital, discoidal. Their names are defined by the adjacent longitudinal veins. The cubital index helps to determine the breed of a bee, it is defined by a/b*100%, ie, the ratio of the length of a vein (a) of the third cubital cell to another vein (b). This feature is the same during all the year, is weakly correlated with the other conformation traits. On the wings of bees there are also the following longitudinal veins: subdiscoidal, the first return, the second return. Between them there is a short neural streak. Radial vein is associated with cubital and three inter-cubital veins.Īnal vein runs parallel to the first medial and then diverges from it. Medial, or median, vein, short, divided into two branches – the basement, connecting with subcostal, and discoidal.Ĭubital vein starts from the middle vein and stretches along the wing almost to the end. ![]() Subcostal vein is near the costal, in the middle of the wing merges with it. Hm = humeral veinlet, mc = median cell, mcu = medio-cubital cross-vein, pt = pterostigma, rc = radial cell, src = subradial cell.Ĭostal vein, forming a thickened leading edge of the wing, goes from the shoulder blade, does not branch. Wing veins: A = anal, C = costa, Cu = cubitus, M = media, R = radius, RS = radial sector, Sc = subcosta cells: BC = basal cell (cell R), CC = costal cell (cell C), DC = discal cell (cells 1M, 2M), MC = marginal cell (cell 2R1), SBC = subbasal cell (cell 1Cu), SDC = subdiscal cell (cell 2Cu), SMC = submarginal cell (cells 1R1, 1Rs, 2Rs). Four longitudinal veins: costal, subcostal, medial, anal begin from the base of the wing.ġ2 Wings, both specimens 13 Dorsolateral view. Between the veins the thin transparent membranes are stretched. Pattern of longitudinal and transverse veins is called venation.Įvery vein, depending on its location on the wing, has a certain name. Veins are mechanical support of a wing, they help to overcome air resistance in flight.There are different longitudinal veins, partially branching, and longitudinal cross-linking to each other. ![]() The wing of the adult bee is a thin, elastic plate, with the veins, which are hardened pieces of hollow tubes.ĭuring the formation of the wing hemolymph flows there, pulling wing plate. The pupa grows and this rudiment also does, its ventral and dorsal walls converge. They are laid in a bag-like rudiment of covers of the middle- and metathorax. W ings fully develop only in the transition from the bee pupa to an adult bee. Bees have two pairs of wings and they are appendages of medium- and metathorax.
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